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Symmes Chadwick Oliver (March 30, 1928 – August 9, 1993) was an American anthropologist and science fiction and Western writer.

Oliver was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Symmes Francis Oliver and Winona Neuman Oliver. His family moved to Crystal City, Texas, in 1943, where his father worked as a surgeon and medical officer at a detention camp. His mother was a nurse. Oliver suffered a severe attack of rheumatic fever at age twelve and was bedridden for several months, during which he became interested in science fiction.

He spent most of his life in Austin, Texas where he was twice chairman of the department of anthropology of the University of Texas. He was also one of the founders of the Turkey City Writer's Workshop. He first attended the university in 1946 as a student and, apart from a brief sojourn to UCLA to obtain his Ph.D., he remained there in some capacity until his death, 47 years later.

He first had a story published in 1950. His science fiction is generally classified as anthropological science fiction because he often used insights from his professional work to inform his fictional writing.

His fiction often reflected his anthropology background. He books referenced Native American life, the outdoors, the American Southwest, and relationships between people and land. Commenting on the connection, he said:

"I like to think that there's a kind of feedback ... that the kind of open-minded perspective in science fiction conceivably has made me a better anthropologist. And on the other side of the coin, the kind of rigor that anthropology has, conceivably has made me a better science fiction writer."

An avid fly fisherman, Professor Oliver supported the Guadalupe River Chapter of Trout Unlimited and the cold water fishery downstream from Canyon Dam. Numerous scenes in his writings made reference to actions and experiences related to fishing in moving water (e.g. wading a river in "Shores of Another Sea").